- Title
- Vaccination and non-pharmaceutical interventions during COVID-19: Impact on health and non-health outcomes in the US
- Creator
- Khatiwada, Asmita P.; Genie, Mesfin G.; Gebremariam, Aregawi G.; Lai, Tim C.; Poudel, Nabin; Ngorsuraches, Surachat
- Relation
- Health Policy and Technology Vol. 13, Issue 1, no. 100792
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2023.100792
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2024
- Description
- Objective: Little is known about the relative effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination and its interaction with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in reducing infections, deaths, COVID-19 reproduction rate, and job losses. This study examined the relative effectiveness of vaccination and NPIs on COVID-19 infection, deaths, reproduction rate, and unemployment rate in the US. Methods: Retrospective US data at the national level were obtained from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT dataset). Unemployment rate data were obtained from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Time-trend analyses of the policy variables and epidemiological outcomes were performed. A regression discontinuity in time was used to investigate the effects of policy variables on health outcomes and unemployment rate. Results: Based on time-trend analyses, the number of people vaccinated increased starting in March 2021, while the stringency index had steadily declined since early January 2021. A decrease in new COVID-19 cases and deaths was observed during this period. However, despite higher vaccination coverage, new COVID-19 cases and deaths peaked in late 2021 and early 2022. We found that the interaction between treatment effects (vaccinations) and stringency measures was negatively associated with total COVID-19 cases and deaths, implying that some restrictions might be required to reduce rising infections during vaccination campaigns. We also found a negative association between vaccinations and the unemployment rate. Conclusion: The study findings suggested that vaccinations alone were insufficient to reduce virus spread and deaths, and that some NPIs might be required during the vaccination campaigns.
- Subject
- COVID-19 vaccinations; health outcomes; NPIs; unemployment rate; SDG 3; Sustainable Development Goals
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1505877
- Identifier
- uon:55763
- Identifier
- ISSN:2211-8837
- Language
- eng
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